We know that a combination of the upfront fee and royalty rate is representative
of a deal's economics and, as such, we search the source documents for some
indication that an upfront fee exists. No, not all royalty rate licenses
include an upfront fee. If a fee exists and is revealed in our source document, we report it.
If we discover that an upfront fee exists, but the amount is not revealed,
we mention it in the text of our abstract.
Please be aware that some licenses may have an upfront fee but if the information
was not included in source of information, we would not know it and therefore
would not be able to detail that information in our results.